The Effects of Lsd Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Lsd Essay LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSDs psychedelic properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 mg of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions, usually without the subjects knowledge. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in 1975. In 1963 the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. Also in 1963, the US Food and Drug Administration classified LSD as an Investigational New Drug, which meant new restrictions on medical and scientific use. [ Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard, began to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the 1960s. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993. Today, medical research is resuming around the world. Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form LSD comes from its early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German Lysergsaure-diethylamid followed by a sequential number. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, especially in solution, though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless solid. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can also be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. LSD is very potent, with 20–30 Â µg (micrograms) being the threshold dose. New experiments with LSD have started in 2009 for the first time in 40 years. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories, with trade-name Delysid, as a drug with various psychiatric uses in 1947, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be applicable to mind control and chemical warfare; the agencys MKULTRA research program propagated the drug among young servicemen and students. The subsequent recreational use of the drug by youth culture in the Western world during the 1960s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Currently, a number of organizations—including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation—exist to fund, encourage and coordinate research into the medicinal and spiritual uses of LSD and related psychedelics. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced or increased appetite, and wakefulness. Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. Among the reported symptoms are numbness, weakness, nausea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, elevated blood sugar, goose bumps, heart rate increase, jaw clenching, perspiration, saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness, hyperreflexia, and tremors. Some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD is not considered addictive by the medical community. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use,[citation needed] and cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline[ and psilocybin. This tolerance diminishes after a few days after cessation of use and is probably caused by down regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. LSDs psychological effects (colloquially called a trip) vary greatly from person to person, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time pass during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long-term psych emotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective [citation needed]. Widely different effects emerge based on what Timothy Leary called set and setting; the set being the general mindset of the user, and the setting being the physical and social environment in which the drugs effects are experienced. Some psychological effects may include an experience of radiant colors, objects and surfaces appearing to ripple or breathe, colored patterns behind the closed eyelids (eidetic imagery), an altered sense of time (time seems to be stretching, repeating itself, changing speed or stopping), crawling geometric patterns overlaying walls and other objects, morphing objects, a sense that ones thoughts are spiraling into themselves, loss of a sense of identity or the ego (known as ego death), and other powerful psycho-physical reactions. Many users experience dissolution between themselves and the outside world. This unitive quality may play a role in the spiritual and religious aspects of LSD. The drug sometimes leads to disintegration or restructuring of the users historical personality and creates a mental state that some users report allows them to have more choice regarding the nature of their own personality. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. LSD causes an altered sensory experience of senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Visual effects include the illusion of movement of static surfaces (walls breathing), after mage-like trails of moving objects (tracers), the appearance of moving colored geometric patterns (especially with closed eyes), an intensification of colors and brightness (sparkling), new textures on objects, blurred vision, and shape suggestibility. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplainable way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphine seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied under the name form constants. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo-like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. The potential uses of LSD end of life anxiety, alcoholism, pain, cluster headaches, spiritual, and creativity. These are the potential adverse effects: adverse drug interactions, mental disorders, and suggestibility and also psychosis.

The Mixology of Philosophies Essay -- Education Teaching Careers Essay

The Mixology of Philosophies In our time of uncertainty one of the most stable institutions is the school system for children. Thus, being a teacher and providing the most stable atmosphere along with providing the children with an education must be handled delicately. I believe a mixture of essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, behaviorism, and social reconstrctonism is essential in achieving those goals. I believe that some knowledge is relevant to the time and place, but some knowledge is constant. Essentialism’s views of â€Å"back-to-basics† are appealing to me in regards to mathematics, history, reading and literature. These elements should be the basic focus of early education. A mastery of these constant basic skills transcends to all other subjects. On the other hand, some knowledge is not constant. John Dewy and his belief that change is the only constant blends well with the abstract aspect of science, health, art, music, and social sciences. Take for example the concept of elements. The ancient Greeks viewed it as wind, earth, fire, and water, and these elements made up the universe. We know today that this is not true, and that is actually one hundred nine elements existing on the periodic table. This is why I believe a mixture of change with constants is necessary when developing a map or blue print of knowledge or truth. Sometimes knowled ge is constant but other times it is changing or plastic. Student like clouds are individual and ever changing therefore the school systems need to adapt to the children’s individual needs and educational requirements. The perennialism use of â€Å"great books† in education is a good way to combat the child’s needs. Adapting the stud... ...sm, behaviorism, and social reconstructionism one can begin in one of the most difficult jobs on the face of this wondrous and troubled earth in which we are inhabitants. I plan to never stop learning. I feel I have a thrust for knowledge that can never be quenched. I plan to graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree in elementary education. Upon completing that degree I plan to share the wealth of knowledge I have attained. I plan to start teaching in or around the Appalachian area. I would like to stay in West Virginia, but for reason unknown I would be prepared to move to western Virginia, eastern Kentucky, or northern North Carolina. I then plan to enroll in graduate school to receive my masters, and then I wish to complete my education with a doctoral degree. I wish that one-day to help inspire the future teachers of America or the world.

House of Usher Essay

The fall of the House of Usher is a menacing story filled with fantastic imagery. Edgar Allen Poe is a genius at the craft and it is no surprise that this story is considered one of his masterpieces. Poe carefully chooses his vocabulary, making each word create a dark and spooky image. Through exposition, Poe spends a great deal at describing the surroundings through the narrator. Also, Poe uses symbolism to his advantage by creating a house that mirrors a main character, Roderick Usher. Edgar Allen Poe uses imagery to further the plot, of The Fall of the House of Usher by utilizing these three avenues; vocabulary, exposition, and symbolism. In the first paragraph alone, the reader has entered a world full of doom and despair. Poe uses words to paint a picture such as in the first sentence, â€Å"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in autumn†¦Ã¢â‚¬  paints a portrait of cold and despair as indicated by the cold of autumn and using the word â€Å"soundless† indicates that he is alone. While some may think that Poe’s word choice may seem too overdone and cartoon-like, Maurice Beebe of the University of California Press talks about how this vocabulary is needed to create a classic Poe universe. J. O.  Baily of the University of North Carolina writes, â€Å"Poe intended the story to do what it does, to arouse a sense of unearthly terror that springs from a vague source, hinted and mysterious. † This is all found within Poe’s vocabulary. Poe uses dark words such as â€Å"phantasmagoric† meaning a shifting series of phantasms, illusions, or deceptive appearances, as in a dream or as created by the imagination, and not found in everyday language. Poe spends a great deal of time describing the House of Usher, but does he spend too much time? The answer is no if you are thinking in terms of him building exposition. Exposition is defined by DiYanni as â€Å"where plot begins and provides background information we need to make sense of the action, that describes the setting, and that introduces major characters. † Poe does just this, in extensive detail. Poe spends what may seem as an absurd amount of time describing the house and the tarn in the beginning of the story but you later can see how it all relates. The description of the house is in all actuality is a description of the main character, Roderick Usher. Poe writes carefully about coming upon the House of Usher, about the tarn located near he house, and even about the letter that was written to the narrator so we know many things upon the beginning of the story. As stated before, Poe wrote of the House of Usher relating to the character, Roderick Usher. This is a grand use of symbolism, for example, Poe writes about the big, dark windows of the house and this can be related to the big empty eyes of Usher. Not only does the house symbolize Roderick but Baily of Duke University Press claims that if Poe was written into the story he would not be the narrator; he would Roderick Usher himself. Knowing this is the biggest symbol of all, for Roderick Usher is a symbol of the one and only Edgar Allen Poe. Kendall goes even further to explain that Roderick and his sister are actually vampires. That both brother and sister are suffering from anemia and are both very sickly symbolizes a vampirism theme to the story. â€Å"During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Poe wrote a massive story that invoked many dark themes. Together through vocabulary, exposition, and symbolism, Edgar Allen Poe creates a wonderful scene of gloomy imagery and uses it to further his plot. Reference http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/usher/

Japanese Verb Conjugations Group One

​Japanese verbs are roughly divided into three groups according to their dictionary form (basic form). The basic form of group one  verbs end with ~ u.   The verbs in this group are also called consonant-stem verbs or Godan-doushi (Godan verbs). Here are some of the conjugations of the various group one  verbs in Japanese. iku (to go) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) iku Formal Present(~ masu Form) ikimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) itta Formal Past ikimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) ikanai Formal Negative ikimasen Informal Past Negative ikanakatta Formal Past Negative ikimasen deshita ~ te Form itte Conditional ikeba Volitional ikou Passive ikareru Causative ikaseru Potential ikeru Imperative(Command) ike yomu (to read) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) yomu Formal Present(~ masu Form) yomimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) yonda Formal Past yomimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) yomanai Formal Negative yomimasen Informal Past Negative yomanakatta Formal Past Negative yomimasen deshita ~ te Form yonde Conditional yomeba Volitional yomou Passive yomareru Causative yomaseru Potential yomeru Imperative(Command) yome kaeru (to return) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) kaeru Formal Present(~ masu Form) kaerimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) kaetta Formal Past kaerimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) kaeranai Formal Negative kaerimasen Informal Past Negative kaeranakatta Formal Past Negative kaerimasen deshita ~ te Form kaette Conditional kaereba Volitional kaerou Passive kaerareru Causative kaeraseru Potential kaereru Imperative(Command) kaere shiru (to know) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) shiru Formal Present(~ masu Form) shirimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) shitta Formal Past shirimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) shiranai Formal Negative shirimasen Informal Past Negative shiranakatta Formal Past Negative shirimasen deshita ~ te Form shitte Conditional shireba Volitional shirou Passive shirareru Causative shiraseru Potential shireru Imperative(Command) shire    tsuku (to arrive)   Informal Present(Dictionary Form) tsuku Formal Present(~ masu Form) tsukimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) tsuita Formal Past tsukimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) tsukanai Formal Negative tsukimasen Informal Past Negative tsukanakatta Formal Past Negative tsukimasen deshita ~ te Form tsuite Conditional tsukeba Volitional tsukou Passive tsukareru Causative tsukaseru Potential tsukeru Imperative(Command) tsuke wakaru (to understand) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) wakaru Formal Present(~ masu Form) wakarimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) wakatta Formal Past wakarimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) wakaranai Formal Negative wakarimasen Informal Past Negative wakaranakatta Formal Past Negative wakarimasen deshita ~ te Form wakatte Conditional wakareba Volitional wakarou Passive wakarareru Causative wakaraseru Potential -------- Imperative(Command) wakare kakaru (to take) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) kakaru Formal Present(~ masu Form) kakarimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) kakatta Formal Past kakarimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) kakaranai Formal Negative kakarimasen Informal Past Negative kakaranakatta Formal Past Negative kakarimasen deshita ~ te Form kakatte Conditional kakareba Volitional kakarou Passive -------- Causative -------- Potential -------- Imperative(Command) -------- okuru (to send) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) okuru Formal Present(~ masu Form) okurimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) okutta Formal Past okurimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) okuranai Formal Negative okurimasen Informal Past Negative okuranakatta Formal Past Negative okurimasen deshita ~ te Form okutte Conditional okureba Volitional okurou Passive okurareru Causative okuraseru Potential okureru Imperative(Command) okure uru (to sell) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) uru Formal Present(~ masu Form) urimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) utta Formal Past urimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) uranai Formal Negative urimasen Informal Past Negative uranakatta Formal Past Negative urimasen deshita ~ te Form utte Conditional ureba Volitional urou Passive urareru Causative uraseru Potential ureru Imperative(Command) ure aruku (to walk) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) aruku Formal Present(~ masu Form) arukimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) aruita Formal Past aruikimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) arukanai Formal Negative arukimasen Informal Past Negative arukanakatta Formal Past Negative arukimasen deshita ~ te Form aruite Conditional arukeba Volitional arukou Passive arukareru Causative arukaseru Potential arukeru Imperative(Command) aruke asobu (to play) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) asobu Formal Present(~ masu Form) asobimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) asonda Formal Past asobimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) asobanai Formal Negative asobimasen Informal Past Negative asobanakatta Formal Past Negative asobimasen deshita ~ te Form asonde Conditional asobeba Volitional asobou Passive asobareru Causative asobaseru Potential asoberu Imperative(Command) asobe au (to meet) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) au Formal Present(~ masu Form) aimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) atta Formal Past aimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) awanai Formal Negative aimasen Informal Past Negative awanakatta Formal Past Negative aimasen deshita ~ te Form atte Conditional aeba Volitional aou Passive awareru Causative awaseru Potential aeru Imperative(Command) ae hairu (to enter) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) hairu Formal Present(~ masu Form) hairimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) haitta Formal Past hairimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) hairanai Formal Negative hairimasen Informal Past Negative hairanakatta Formal Past Negative hairimasen deshita ~ te Form haitte Conditional haireba Volitional hairou Passive hairareru Causative hairaseru Potential haireru Imperative(Command) haire hajimaru (to begin, to start) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) hajimaru Formal Present(~ masu Form) hajimarimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) hajimatta Formal Past hajimarimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) hajimaranai Formal Negative hajimarimasen Informal Past Negative hajimaranakatta Formal Past Negative hajimarimasen deshita ~ te Form hajimatte Conditional hajimareba Volitional hajimarou Passive -------- Causative -------- Potential -------- Imperative(Command) -------- motsu (to have) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) motsu Formal Present(~ masu Form) mochimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) motta Formal Past mochimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) motanai Formal Negative mochimasen Informal Past Negative motanakatta Formal Past Negative mochimasen deshita ~ te Form motte Conditional moteba Volitional motou Passive motareru Causative motaseru Potential moteru Imperative(Command) mote narau (to learn) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) narau Formal Present(~ masu Form) naraimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) naratta Formal Past naraimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) narawanai Formal Negative naraimasen Informal Past Negative narawanakatta Formal Past Negative naraimasen deshita ~ te Form naratte Conditional naraeba Volitional naraou Passive narawareru Causative narawaseru Potential naraeru Imperative(Command) narae omou (to think) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) omou Formal Present(~ masu Form) omoimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) omotta Formal Past omoimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) omowanai Formal Negative omoimasen Informal Past Negative omowanakatta Formal Past Negative omoimasen deshita ~ te Form omotte Conditional omoeba Volitional omoou Passive omowareru Causative omowaseru Potential omoeru Imperative(Command) omoe oyogu (to swim) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) oyogu Formal Present(~ masu Form) oyogimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) oyoida Formal Past oyogimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) oyoganai Formal Negative oyogimasen Informal Past Negative oyoganakatta Formal Past Negative oyogimasen deshita ~ te Form oyoide Conditional oyogeba Volitional oyogou Passive oyogareru Causative oyogaseru Potential oyogeru Imperative(Command) oyoge tatsu (to stand) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) tatsu Formal Present(~ masu Form) tachimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) tatta Formal Past tachimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) tatanai Formal Negative tachimasen Informal Past Negative tatanakatta Formal Past Negative tachimasen deshita ~ te Form tatte Conditional tateba Volitional tatou Passive tatareru Causative tataseru Potential tateru Imperative(Command) tate utau (to sing) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) utau Formal Present(~ masu Form) utaimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) utatta Formal Past utaimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) utawanai Formal Negative utaimasen Informal Past Negative utawanakatta Formal Past Negative utaimasen deshita ~ te Form utatte Conditional utaeba Volitional utaou Passive utawareru Causative utawaseru Potential utaeru Imperative(Command) utae kaku (to write) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) kaku Formal Present(~ masu Form) kakimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) kaita Formal Past kakimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) kakanai Formal Negative kakimasen Informal Past Negative kakanakatta Formal Past Negative kakimasen deshita ~ te Form kaite Conditional kakeba Volitional kakou Passive kakareru Causative kakaseru Potential kakeru Imperative(Command) kake nomu (to drink) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) nomu Formal Present(~ masu Form) nomimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) nonda Formal Past nomimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) nomanai Formal Negative nomimasen Informal Past Negative nomanakatta Formal Past Negative nomimasen deshita ~ te Form nonde Conditional nomeba Volitional nomou Passive nomareru Causative nomaseru Potential nomeru Imperative(Command) nome kiku (to listen) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) kiku Formal Present(~ masu Form) kikimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) kiita Formal Past kikimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) kikanai Formal Negative kikimasen Informal Past Negative kikanakatta Formal Past Negative kikimasen deshita ~ te Form kiite Conditional kikeba Volitional kikou Passive kikareru Causative kikaseru Potential kikeru Imperative(Command) kike kau (to buy) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) kau Formal Present(~ masu Form) kaimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) katta Formal Past kaimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) kawanai Formal Negative kaimasen Informal Past Negative kawanakatta Formal Past Negative kaimasen deshita ~ te Form katte Conditional kaeba Volitional kaou Passive kawareru Causative kawaseru Potential kaeru Imperative(Command) kae